Large ringlet
Upperside
Underside, female
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Erebia
Species:	E. euryale
Binomial name
Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805)
Synonyms[1]
List Papilio philomela Esper, [1804] Erebia segregata Reverdin, 1918 Erebia apicalis Reverdin, 1918 Erebia tramelana Reverdin, 1918 Erebia addenda Reverdin, 1918 Erebia bipunctata Hartig, 1924 Erebia defessa Hartig, 1924 Erebia latifasciata Hartig, 1924 Erebia pleniocellata Hartig, 1924 Erebia reducta Osthelder, 1925 Erebia antevortes Verity, 1925 Erebia nana Diószeghy, 1930 Erebia pyraenaeicola Holtz, 1930 Erebia minima Holtz, 1930 Erebia uralensi s Holtz, 1930 Erebia transsylvanica Warren, 1931 Erebia jungens Holtz, 1932 Erebia sexpunctata Diószeghy, 1935 Erebia splendens Warren, 1936 Erebia punctifera Kolar, 1938 Erebia grandiuscula Riel, 1944 Erebia bedei Loritz, 1951 Erebia parviuscula Loritz, 1952 Erebia fenestrata Loritz, 1952 Erebia nigrosubmersa Loritz, 1952 Erebia totenigra Verity, 1953 Erebia iremelica Korshunov, 1995

Erebia euryale, the large ringlet, is a species of butterfly belonging to the family Nymphalidae.

Subspecies

Subspecies include:^[1]

• Erebia euryale adyte Hübner, 1822 (central and southern Alps, Swiss Jura and parts of Abruzzo)
• Erebia euryale etobyma Fruhstorfer, 1910
• Erebia euryale euryale (Esper, 1805) (northern Alps)
• Erebia euryale huebneri Oberthür, 1912
• Erebia euryale isarica Heyne, 1895 (northern Alps, Switzerland, France)
• Erebia euryale ocellaris Staudinger, 1861 (eastern and southern Alps)
• Erebia euryale syrmia Fruhstorfer, 1909 (Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria, Romania)

• 
  Erebia euryale adyte ♂
• 
  Erebia euryale adyte ♂ △
• 
  Female, Bulgaria
• 
  Mating, Bulgaria

Distribution and habitat

This species is endemic to Europe. It can be found in southern Europe, in the Alps, Cantabrian, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Balkans, in northern Europe from Finland to the Urals and in Altai.^[2][3] Erebia euryale is an alpine species. It lives in spruce forest clearings, glades, slopes, subalpine meadows and damp meadows at an elevation of 500–2,600 metres (1,600–8,500 ft) above sea level.^[2]

Description

Erebia euryale has a wingspan of 20–23 mm. These butterflies have a considerable geographic variation.^[4] Usually the upperside of the forewings is dark brown with a reddish-orange postmedian band marked with three or four oval ocelli, with white pupils in the females, often blind or reduced to small dots in the males. All wings show chequered fringes. The forewings of the males do not show androconial area. The upperside of each hindwing usually has three eyespots surrounded by orange. The underside hindwings of the females shows a diffuse clear or whitish band, strongly dentate. The caterpillar and the chrysalis are pinkish brown. This species is rather similar to Erebia ligea.

Biology

This species is univoltine. It overwinters a first year as an egg, a second year as a caterpillar. The eggs, pearly grey, hatch in the spring. Adults fly from June to September. They feed at mountain flowers, specially at yellow daisies. Caterpillars feed on various grasses (Anthoxanthum odoratum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Festuca alpina, Poa nemoralis, Carex flacca, Digitaria, Milium, Carex and Sesleria species).^[2][5]