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Australian nationalism is the ideology, movement and sentiment that emphasizes the identity, culture, and interests of Australia as a nation-state, asserting the identity of Australians as a distinct nation.[1] It encompasses a range of beliefs and values that are often rooted in Australia's history, geography, and socio-political context.[2] Key elements of Australian nationalism include a sense of national pride, attachment to Australian symbols such as the flag and national anthem, and a focus on promoting Australia's sovereignty and independence.[3]
Historically, Australian nationalism emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as Australia moved towards federation and gained independence from British colonial rule,[1][4] developing itself in three pivotal historical traditions: the labour movement, the republican movement and the native-nationalist movement.[5] It was shaped by factors such as the experiences of early settlers and the desire for a distinct Australian identity separate from British influence.[1][6]
By the early 19th century, Australia was governed as a series of six largely self-governing colonies that were spread across the continent and were part of the British Empire.[7] The name Australia was popularised by explorer Matthew Flinders and first used officially by Governor Macquarie.[8] Attempts to coordinate governance had failed in the 1860s due to a lack of popular support and lack of interest from the British government, but by the 1880s, and with the rise of nationalist movements in Europe, the efforts to establish a federation of the Australian colonies began to gather momentum. The British government supported federation as a means to cement British influence in the South Pacific.[9]
Figures like William Wentworth, John Dunmore Lang and Banjo Patterson championed Australian identity during the colonial era.
Nationalistic sentiments increased as a result of Australia's participation in the First and Second World Wars, with concepts such as "mateship" becoming a cornerstone of Australian nationalism.[10]
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