One million public workers in France went on a 24-hour strike to seek wage increases of 10 to 25 percents, shutting down all public transportation by bus, subway, train or airplane.[2][3]
The word "beatnik", used to describe an anti-conformist youth who embraced the culture of what Jack Kerouac called "The Beat Generation", was introduced by San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen in his daily newspaper column. Caen's coined word was a portmanteau of "Beat" and of "Sputnik", the satellite which had been launched almost six months earlier by the Soviet Union. Caen's column, under the heading "Words, Words, Words", referred to a recent party hosted by Look magazine for a photo essay on the Beat Generation in a "beach house for 50 Beatniks", and commented, "They're only Beat, y'know, when it comes to work..."[5]
Delaware became the first U.S. state in almost 47 years (and the seventh overall) to abolish capital punishment, as Governor J. Caleb Boggs signed a bill that had passed the state house of representatives, 18—11, after being sponsored by Senator Elwood F. Melson Jr. and approved the year by before by the state senate. Delaware's last execution, a hanging, had taken place on December 7, 1945 when Anderson D. Butler was executed for raping a child.[9][10] No new U.S. states had acted since North Dakota had repealed the death penalty in 1911.[11]
Died:
Willie Maley, 89, Scottish soccer football player manager who coached Celtic F.C. for 43 years (1897 to 1940) and led them to 16 league championships and 14 Scottish Cups
Jōsei Toda, 58, Japanese Buddhist activist who co-founded the Soka Gakkai movement in 1930 and had led it since 1951
New York Justice Harry B. Frank dismissed the last attempt to stop baseball's New York Giants from moving to San Francisco, after reviewing a lawsuit brought in August by a stockholder in the team, Julius November. Frank wrote that "Beneath these judicial robes still beats the heart of a Giant fan," but added, "The court, as distinguished from Justice Frank the fan, must find that the plaintiff's contentions, while sentimentally four-baggers, are legally outs."[14]
Clifford Nass, American communications professor at Stanford University who (with co-researcher Byron Reeves) formulated "Media equation"; in Teaneck, New Jersey (d. 2013 of a heart attack)
The People's Daily, the newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party, announced the initial success of the Party's program of training former factory owners to become ordinary employees of the businesses they once owned. The move was made as part of bringing to an end the five-percent per year compensation to the former owners for the Communist seizure of their investments, scheduled to end by 1962. Citing examples of the benevolent treatment where owners were "permitted" to work at the factories they once guided, the newspaper commented that "Most of the capitalists behind lathes and counters obeyed the instructions of officials, respected discipline, worked hard and learned submissively from the workers."[26]
The blasting of Ripple Rock
The top of "Ripple Rock", an underwater mountain that had been a hazard to ship travel within the Inside Passage through British Columbia's waters, was destroyed in what remains the largest controlled non-nuclear explosion in North America.[27] Based on a study by the National Research Council of Canada, contractors of the Canadian government of Canada had spent more than two years to drill two long tunnels in which to place 1,270 metric tonnes (almost 2.8 million pounds) of Nitramex 2H explosive, and at 9:31 in the morning local time, detonated the weapon. The event was televised live on Canadian television in a coast-to-coast hookup.
April 6, 1958 (Sunday)
In the U.S., Capital Airlines Flight 67 crashed in a snowstorm on its approach to the Tri-City Airport in Freeland, Michigan, killing all 47 people on board.[28] The turboprop Vickers Viscount had departed from Flint as part of a multi-stop flight between New York and Chicago. and had an undetected buildup of ice on its horizontal stabilizer.[29] When the crew attempted a steep turn on landing, the airplane stalled and went into a spin.[30]
Arnold Palmer of Latrobe, Pennsylvania, a former paint salesman, hung on to win his first major professional golf championship with a one-stroke victory in the 1958 Masters Tournament. Palmer, ahead of everyone else by at least three strokes going into the final round, faced a challenge from defending Masters winner Doug Ford and by Fred Hawkins.[31]
All 32 people aboard Aerovias Ecuador (AREA) Flight 222 were killed when the Douglas DC-3 crashed into a mountain while flying from Guayaquil to Quito.[32] An investigation concluded that the cause was the pilot's decision to fly a more direct route between the two Ecuadorian cities rather than the course authorized for his altitude of 7,500 feet (2,300 m). Shortly after being cleared to climb above the clouds, the airplane crashed into the side of Mount Illiniza in the Chugchilan mountain range.[33]
Japan unconditionally released the remaining 10 "Class A war criminals" convicted after World War II, after having reached an agreement with the wartime Allied powers. Set free from Sugamo Prison in Tokyo were the two former War Ministers (Sadao Araki and Field Marshal Shunroku Hata), former Finance Minister Okinori Kaya former adviser Kōichi Kido, the former Navy Minister Admiral Shigetarō Shimada, Naoki Hoshino, General Hiroshi Ōshima, Lt. General Teiichi Suzuki, Naoki Hoshino, and Admiral Takasumi Oka. All had been on parole at the time of their pardon.[34]
Died: Mark M. Mills, 40, U.S. nuclear physicist and atomic weapons designer, was drowned after the helicopter he was on was forced down at the Eniwetok Atoll.[35]
April 8, 1958 (Tuesday)
A U.S. Air ForceKC-135 Stratotanker became the first airplane to fly more than 10,000 miles (16,000 km) without refueling, landing at the Lajes Air Force Base in Portugal's Azores islands, 18 hours and 48 minutes after its departure from Tokyo, for a total distance of 10,233 miles (16,468 km).[36]
The first, and only, film shown with the widescreen process of "Cinemiracle", the travel documentary Windjammer, premiered at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California,[37] where it would run for 36 weeks. The next day, the Roxy Theatre in New York City began showing the film as well and would do so for the next 22 weeks.[38] Regarding the film, critic Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote, "Every last moviegoer with a drop of salt in his blood will want to swing aboard 'Windjammer'... this giant, panoramic picture of the new Cinemiracle process, which is again to Cinerama, is so full of the thrills and beauties of ocean sailing that it takes the breath away."[39]Los Angeles Times critic Philip K. Scheuer praised the photography but wrote that "As dramatic storytelling the film is a disappointment... the first half is monotonously repetitive and lacking in high spots or excitement."[40] Patents for the Cinemiracle process would be purchased by the owners of the older Cinerama process, which used a wider 146° curved screen.
Residents of the Los Angeles suburb of Monte Vista, California, voted overwhelmingly, 1,399 to 212, in favor of changing the name of the city to Montclair, because of the existence of an older, unincorporated community in Placer County.[41] Monte Vista had been incorporated on April 26, 1956. There were no objections from the similar-sounding city of Claremont, incorporated in 1907 and on the north border of Montclair.
In Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), the 1957 Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact to allow some self-government for the minority (and primarily Hindu) Tamil community, was unilaterally renounced in dramatic fashion by Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike after protests by the (primarily BuddhistSinhalese majority and discontent among the Tamils led by S. J. V. Chelvanayakam.[43] When a group of 100 Buddhist monks and 300 Sinhalese supporters staged a protest outside the prime minister's residence at Rosemead Place in Colombo, Bandaranaike came out and tore up a copy of the agreement, then promised to rescind its terms. One Tamil politician, Savumiamoorthy Thondaman, called the date "the saddest day in the history of Ceylon's racial relations."
The Douglas DC-8, a four-engine jet airliner, with seating for 177 passengers, was first rolled out of the Douglas Aircraft Company hangar at Long Beach, California, and would make its first test flight on May 30, before beginning commercial service on September 18, 1959.
A planned nationwide labor strike in Cuba, planned by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement to destabilize the regime of dictator Fulgencio Batista, failed because the Batista regime had learned of the plans before they could be carried out.[44][45]
Born: Dr. Nadey Hakim, British and Lebanese transplantation surgeon
Sol M. Wurtzel, 67, American film producer for 20th Century Fox
April 10, 1958 (Thursday)
The death sentence of convicted Nazi war criminal Carl Oberg, known as "The Butcher of Paris" for deporting over 40,000 French Jews to German concentration camps, was commuted by France's President Vincent Auriol to life imprisonment. A year later, President René Coty reduced the sentence to 20 years hard labor and on November 28, 1962, President Charles de Gaulle gave Oberg a pardon.
Died: Chuck Willis, 32, American rock and roll singer known as "The King of the Stroll", died of peritonitis while in surgery for stomach ulcers.
April 11, 1958 (Friday)
Prime Minister Félix Gaillard gave the final order for France to become the fourth nation to possess the atomic bomb, and ordered the French Army to prepare the first test of the French fission weapon. The Gerboise Bleue test would be carried out successfully on February 13, 1960.
The St. Louis Hawks defeated the visiting Boston Celtics by a single point, 110 to 109, to win Game 6 of the 1958 NBA Finals and the championship of the National Basketball Association, 4 games to 2.[46] The Hawks' Bob Pettit scored 50 points in the deciding game, including 19 in the final quarter. Bill Russell, the star of the Celtics, was unable to play because of a severe ankle injury in Game 3. All four of the Hawks' wins over the Celtics were close games (104-102, 111-108, 102-100 and 110-109) while their two losses were by double digits (136-112 and 109-98).
Born: Ginka Zagorcheva, Bulgarian athlete who held the world record for the women's 100m hurdles and won the 1987 world championship; in Plovdiv
The Soviet satellite Sputnik 2, which had (on November 3, 1957) become the second man-made object ever be launched into orbit around the Earth, re-entered the atmosphere and burned up as it traveled on a line from the U.S. state of New York to the impact of its remaining debris in the Amazon region of South America.[48][49] Sputnik 2 had been notable for carrying the first animal into space, the dog Laika, who had died shortly after the craft's launch.
U.S. pianist Harvey Levan Cliburn of Kilgore, Texas, who was better known as Van Cliburn, won the International Tchaikovsky Competition for piano, hosted by the Soviet Union in Moscow.[50] After the awards, Cliburn was invited to the Kremlin where he played piano at a reception hosted by Soviet Premier and First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev.[51][52]
All 16 people aboard an Aviaco Airlines flight in Spain were killed when the DH.114 Heron airplane dived to avoid a collision with another airplane that had flown into its path. The Aviaco flight had taken off from Zaragoza and was preparing to land at Barcelona when the other aircraft made its takeoff at the same time. When the pilot veered to avoid a crash at 150 metres (490 ft), the Aviaco airplane went out of control and plunged into the Mediterranean Sea.[53][54]
The first demonstration on live television of instant playback of videotape was demonstrated on the BBC news programme Panorama. Host Richard Dimbleby sat in front of a clock as he discussed BBC's new Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus (VERA) system, then rewound the tape and played it for the television audience.[55]
Born: Peter Capaldi, Scottish comedian, TV actor and film director, known for portraying Doctor Who from 2014 to 2017; in Glasgow
Died: Frank Kent, 80, American journalist for the Baltimore Sun whose nationally-syndicated column, "The Great Game of Politics", ran from 1923 until three months before his death. Kent's final column ran on January 5, 1958.
The United States agreed to the extension of territorial waters from the historical limit of 3 miles (4.8 km) off a nation's coast, to 6 miles (9.7 km). The compromise broke a deadlock in the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.[57]
One man was killed and 31 people injured in a fire on the third floor of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, when a worker let a cigarette fall on an oil-soaked drop-cloth.[58] Because of remodeling to install air-conditioning in the Museum, most of the paintings by artists had been moved, but six works of art were damaged, and one of Claude Monet's "Water Lilies" paintings was destroyed.
The San Francisco Giants beat the Los Angeles Dodgers in the first Major League Baseball regular season game ever played in California. As sportswriter Lawrence E. Davies of The New York Times noted, "Big league baseball spanned the continent today. The eighty-two-year-old National League finally became a national league in fact."[59] The season opener, which the Giants won 8 to 0 before a sellout crowd of 23,448 fans at San Francisco's Seals Stadium, was the first for both of the National League's former New York City teams, who had ended 1957 as the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers.
Elections were held in South Africa for the 156 of the 159 seats in the Volksraad, the nation's unicameral parliament. Unlike the 1953 election, which had allowed some black and coloured electors in the Natal province, the 1958 vote was the first to be limited to white voters. The National Party (NP), led by white supremacist Prime Minister J. G. Strijdom, increased its majority over the United Party to a 103 to 53 balance.[63]
King Mohammed V of Morocco dissolved the government of Prime Minister Mbarek Bekkay, who had become the first premier of the North African kingdom since the end of the French Protectorate in 1955. Ahmed Balafrej would be appointed by the King to form a new government on May 12.[64]
Bestselling author Pearl S. Buck confirmed that she had written five additional novels between 1945 and 1953 under the pseudonym "John Sedges". During the same period, she published eight novels under her own name. Buck, whose announcement was made in conjunctions with the release the next day of three of the novels as the book American Triptych, explained that after having been known for living in and writing about China, she wanted to write novels about life in the U.S. and said, "To provide freedom for this American me, pseudonymity was the answer. I chose the name of John Sedges, a simple one, and masculine because men have fewer handicaps in our society than women have in writing as well as in other professions." [65]
Died:
Rosalind Franklin, 37, English chemist, molecular biologist and x-ray crystallographer whose images of DNA led to the discovery of the double helix pattern, died of complications from ovarian cancer.
W. Kerr Scott, 61, U.S. Senator for North Carolina since 1954 and Governor from 1949 to 1953, died a day before his 62nd birthday and one week after he had suffered a heart attack.[66] Scott's death temporarily reduced the Democratic Party's majority in the Senate to 48 to 47, although it was expected that the North Carolina's Democrat governor would appointed a Democrat as successor.[67]
In Laeken, a suburb of Brussels, King Baudouin of Belgium opened Expo 58, the 1958 World's Fair for its six-month run. Expo 58 featured pavilions from 45 nations, as well as those of Belgium and the Belgian Congo (still an African colony at that time, and now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The only monument now remaining from the exposition, the Atomium, formed the centerpiece of the World's Fair.[69] The Fair would close on October 19, 1958, after having had 42,000,000 visitors, and one million would visit on the final day.[70]
Cuba's dictator Fulgencio Batista issued a decree making all employees of public service companies part of the island nation's armed forces, subject to being called up for active duty, as part of the state of national emergency recently authorized by the Cuban Congress to combat the insurgency of Fidel Castro. The move was made to make walking out on strike an offense punishable as being absent without leave and was made in response to the April 9 call for a walkout.[71]
The Indonesian Army recaptured the city of Padang from anti-government rebels in a 12-hour operation of amphibious and paratroop assault on the island of Sumatra.[72]
The spark for the "Xunhua Incident", rioting that would eventually lead to the deaths of 435 members of the Tibetan and Salar minority groups in the People's Republic of China, happened in Tibet after the Communist government had arrested an outspoken Buddhist monk, Jnana Pal Rinpoche. Angry villagers in the village of Gangca detained the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) official assigned to Gangca County. A CCP task force was sent in response, and a team leader of that force was killed, after which rioting began in Gangca and in neighboring Xunhua County. By April 24, the Chinese Army was sent to suppress a riot over 4,000 people.[73]
Died: Rita Montaner, 57, Cuban singer, film actress and TV entertainer
April 18, 1958 (Friday)
A test flight of the new Grumman F11F-1F Super Tiger jet fighter set a record as the pilot, U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander George C. Watkins reached the highest altitude attained by a human being up to that time, 76,939 feet (23,451 m), or 14.57 miles above the Earth.[74]
The first regular season major league baseball game in Los Angeles, California, was played as 78,672 fans at the city's Memorial Coliseum. The new Los Angeles Dodgers (formerly the Brooklyn Dodgers of New York City) defeated the visiting San Francisco Giants (formerly the New York Giants), 6 to 5.[75]
Pound, with U.S. Congressman Usher Burdick, after his release
All charges of treason against 72-year-old American poet Ezra Pound were dismissed almost 13 years after Pound's arrest. Pound had been charged because of his pro-Fascist radio broadcasts during World War II from Italy, but his case had never been brought to trial because he was adjudged to be insane. With the consent of the U.S. government, U.S. District Court Judge Bolitha J. Laws dismissed the action after concluding that Pound "would in all likelihood never be mentally competent to stand trial" and because the broadcasts "might have been the result of insanity." [76] Pound had been institutionalized at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington DC since being returned to the U.S. in 1945.
The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) arrested William Heikkila, a native of Finland who had lived in the United States since shortly after his birth 52 years earlier, and, without a hearing or notice to his wife, flew him to Canada and then deported him to Finland. Heikkila was arrested in San Francisco as he got off from his job as a draftsman, put in a car, and taken to INS offices for immediate deportation.[77] Four days later, public outrage in the U.S. over the manner of the arrest and deportation was so widespread that the INS Commissioner Joseph M. Swing ordered the immediate return of Heikkila, whom the government had sought to deport since 1947 because of former membership in the U.S. Communist Party.[78] A federal court issued an injunction against Heikkila's permanent deportation until all appeals were exhausted, and although the Board of Immigration upheld his deportation more than a year later,[79] the case was still on appeal when Heikkila died in San Francisco on May 7, 1960.[80]
Died: Frank Mandel, 73, American playwright known for Non, No, Nanette
April 21, 1958 (Monday)
All 47 persons aboard United Airlines Flight 736 were killed, along with the two-man crew of a U.S. Air Force F-100F jet fighter, when the two planes collided at an altitude of 21,000 feet (6,400 m) shortly after passing over Las Vegas. The United plane, a Douglas DC-7, had taken off from Los Angeles and was en route to Denver in a multi-stop flight with a final scheduled destination of Washington, DC. The jet had taken off from Nellis Air Force Base in Las Vegas on a training flight and was making its descent.[84]
The government of the Soviet Union announced that at some point before September 1959, the work day in underground mines would be reduced to six hours and the day in other heavy industry factories would be shortened to seven hours a day. The decree was signed by the Soviet Council of Ministers, the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Central Trade Unions Council.[85]
Dom Mintoff announced his resignation after three years as Prime Minister of Malta, at the time still a British colony, along with that of his cabinet after a breakdown in talks over independence for the Mediterranean Island.[86] After Malta's independence in 1964, Mintoff would return as the nation's prime minister in 1971.
Elgin Baylor of the University of Seattle, who had been the most valuable player of the NCAA basketball finals despite Seattle's loss to Kentucky, was the first pick of the 1958 NBA draft. He was selected by the Minneapolis Lakers, who had finished with 19 wins and 53 losses, the worst record of the 1957-58 season.
Died: Bucky O'Connor, 44, head basketball coach of the University of Iowa Hawkeyes, was killed in an automobile accident near Waterloo, Iowa, when his car was crushed by the cargo of a truck that he had swerved into.
April 23, 1958 (Wednesday)
The first test of the Thor-Able rocket system, a hybrid of parts of the part of the U.S. Air Force's first ballistic missile (PGM-17 Thor) and the Able rocket stage used on Vanguard missiles, ended in failure 2 minutes and 15 seconds after its launch. The missile was intended to travel 6,325 miles (10,179 km) to a point near the island of Saint Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean but went less than 700 miles (1,100 km) [88] The rocket exploded at an altitude of 50 miles (80 km), short of the height defined as the start of outer space and its animal cargo, a mouse inside the nose cone, was lost in the Atlantic Ocean rather than making a sub-orbital flight.[89]
A U.S. Army mass jump of 1,300 paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division saw five soldiers killed and 137 injured when the high winds began partway through the operation in Fort Campbell, Kentucky. The exercise was the largest since World War II.[90]
Alberto Lleras Camargo agreed to accept the nomination of both political parties in the South American nation of Colombia to serve as the new president to succeed the five-man military junta that had overthrown dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla. Under the terms of the 1956 agreement between the Colombian Liberal Party (PLC) and the Colombian Conservative Party (PCC), an equal number of seats were reserved in both houses of the Congress of Colombia for the two parties, and the presidency would alternate every four years, with the Conservatives to select the 1958 president, subject to the approval of the Liberals, and for the 1962 president to be picked by the Liberals. Since a majority of the Conservatives did not approve of their moderate member, Guillermo Leon Valencia (who would have been acceptable to the Liberals), the parties amended their agreement to let Lleras Camargo, Director of the Liberal Party, to serve first, with the Conservatives to pick the 1962 candidate. Dr. Lleras resigned from the Liberals in his acceptance speech and said, "I consider myself obligated to represent both parties equally."[92]
The Presidium of the Soviet Union adopted a law to allow criminal prosecution of factory managers who failed to meet their production quotas or failed to fill obligations for delivery of goods to customers, noting in the resolution that laxness was "a flagrant violation of state discipline" and providing for fines of up to three months salary for the first offense, and jail for the second one.[93]
After forming a cabinet, Sim Var became Prime Minister of Cambodia for the second time in a year, replacing Penn Nouth, who had quit when parliament was dissolved in March to hold new elections. Sim Var had been Prime Minister at the beginning of 1958, stepping down on January 11.[94]
Born: Steve Wright, English serial killer known as "The Suffolk Strangler", who murdered five prostitutes in Ipswich over a period of six weeks in late 2006; in Erpingham, Norfolk
Japan's Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi dissolved the 467-member Chamber of Deputies after the Socialist Party moved for a vote of no confidence. Kishi set an election date of May 22 for the Deputies in the first nationwide election in Japan since 1955.[95] Playing in Moscow, Leningrad and Tbilisi, the American men won all six of its games and the women finished with a 4 and 2 record, and as part of the cultural agreement, two Soviet teams were scheduled to tour the United States starting on February 1, 1959.[96]
A series of six basketball games matching the men's and women's teams of the United States against opponents in the Soviet Union began in Moscow, where an overflow crowd of 17,000 fans watched at the Lozhniki Sports Palace. Both American teams were formed by the champions of the Amateur Athletic Union men's and women's tournaments. In the opener the women's U.S. team, made primarily from students of the Nashville Business College and coached by John L. Head, lost 61-46 to the Soviet team. The men's U.S.A. team was made up of the Peoria (Illinois) Cats and supplemented by other AAU players. After trailing 31 to 40 at halftime, the men made a comeback and beat the Soviets, 74 to 68.[97]
With the support of the United States Central Intelligence Agency, a force of rebels in Indonesia, commanded by Ventje Sumual, captured the Indonesian Air Force base on the island of Morotai as the first stage of what Sumual called Operation Jakarta.
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Sitar, a couple from Hopkins, Minnesota, discovered the body of seven-year-old murder victim Maria Ridulph 2.5 miles (4.0 km) east of Woodbine, Illinois. The child had disappeared on December 3, 1957.[98] After a wrongful conviction in 2012 and the suspect's exoneration in 2017,[99] the murder remains unsolved.
The Soviet Union attempted to launch its third Sputnik satellite into orbit, but the R-7 rocket failed. Sputnik 3 would be launched on May 15.
In the largest battle up to that time in the Algerian War, French Army troops killed 215 FLN insurgents in an attack on the hilltop village of Catinat, near Settara and about 33 miles (53 km) northwest of the city of Constantine.[101]
U.S. Vice President Richard M. Nixon and his wife, Pat, began an ill-fated 18-day goodwill tour of South America, stopping over first to Port of Spain in Trinidad before embarking the next day to Uruguay.[102]
April 28, 1958 (Monday)
Eighteen Indonesian Navy sailors on the KRI Hang Tuah were killed and another 28 injured in a bombing carried out by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). William H. Beale, a CIA operative pilot, dropped bombs from a B-26 bomber and sank the Hang Tuah as part of the agency's support of the Permesta rebellion against the government of President Sukarno. Other bombs struck and sank the oil tanker SS San Flaviano, although all crew were able to evacuate safely but failed to bomb the tanker MV Daronia.
The United States carried out the first of the 35 nuclear tests (over a period of 16 weeks) of Operation Hardtack I, starting with the high altitude "Yucca" test over the Pacific Ocean.[103] A 1.7 kiloton bomb was sent to an altitude of 86,000 feet (16.3 mi) or 26.2 kilometers by a large balloon and then detonated for research on the effect on electronics by a nuclear electromagnetic pulse or EMP.
The U.S. attempt to launch a fourth orbiting satellite, Vanguard TV-5 (TV standing for "test vehicle"), failed five minutes after liftoff when the third stage failed to separate from the Vanguard rocket.[104] After launching from Cape Canaveral at 9:53 local time (0253 UTC 29 April) the spacecraft reached an altitude of 358 miles (576 km) and then fell back earthward, crashing in the sea 1,600 miles (2,600 km) from the launch site.[105][106]
The Convention on the High Seas, an international treaty to set a uniform law for causes of action that take place in international waters outside of the jurisdiction of any nation, was signed in Geneva by the representations of 16 nations. It entered into force on September 30, 1962, after ratification by 25 nations.[107]
The government of the United Arab Republic signed an accord with representatives of stockholders of the Universal Suez Canal Company for payment of compensation arising from Egypt's 1956 nationalization of the Suez Canal. Egypt agreed to pay 28,300,000 Egyptian pounds (equivalent to $81,000,000 U.S. dollars) to the owners of the canal.[108] On May 1, the U.S. ended a freeze, made in 1956, of the assets of Egyptian government and of the Suez Canal Company held in U.S. banks.[109]
King Farouk of Egypt, who had been deposed in 1952 after having ruled the nation for 16 years, was stripped of his Egyptian citizenship.
James Cash Penney, the 83-year old founder of the J. C. Penney Company chain of department stores (1,689 at the time) announced his retirement as chairman of the board and the installment of former company president Albert W. Hughes.[110]
Allen B. DuMont, founder of the DuMont Television Network and the inventor of the cathode ray tube used in the first practical televisions, received a patent for another TV invention that would never be put into use, the "Du Mont Duoscopic" set which would allow two programs to be telecast simultaneously to the same set, with polarizer panels to allow different viewers to choose which of two programs to watch, and earpieces to hear separate shows.[111] The application for the "Dual image viewing apparatus" had been made on January 11, 1954 and was granted U.S. patent number 2,532,821.[112]
The U.S. Navy conducted an experiment to determine how high a basketball would bounce if dropped from the top of the Empire State Building. Because of the danger in doing the test from the New York City skyscraper, a U.S. Navy blimp hovered over its Lakehurst (New Jersey) base at 1,472 feet (449 m), the altitude of the building's television tower, and dropped 12 basketballs as closely as possible to a target on a runway. "This is no frivolous stunt," Lieutenant Commander John Hannigan told reporters, adding "Continual developments of our bombing accuracy for anti-submarine missions demand constant practice in dropping missiles with varying ballistics." The test showed that a basketball dropped from the Empire State Building would bounce back up no higher than 22 feet, nine inches (6.98 meters).[114]
Died: George Everard Shotton, 78, former British marine engineer who had been the prime suspect in the 1919 disappearance of his wife, Mamie Stuart but who was only convicted of bigamy because her body could not be found. The body would be located three years later, on November 5, 1961.[115]
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^"France Crippled by Strike Of Million for 24 Hours", by W. Granger Blair, The New York Times, April 2, 1958, p. 1
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^"Sign From Bench Balks Attempt By Giant Fan to Keep Team Here", by Layhmond Robinson, The New York Times, April 4, 1958, p. 1
^"Motley 4,000 Begin H-Bomb Procession— Jive to 'Red Flag' in Carnival Air", Daily Telegraph (London), April 5, 1958, p. 1
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^"Film Projection in New Advance— Cinemiracle Is Latest Step in Wide-Screen Processes, Which Began in 1952". The New York Times. April 10, 1958. p. 32.
^Crowther, Bosley (April 10, 1958). "Screen: 'Windjammer'". The New York Times. p. 32.
^Scheuer, Philip K. (April 9, 1958). "Cinemiracle Makes Debut in Theater". Los Angeles Times. p. I-2.
^"George Jean Nathan Dies at 76; Dean of Broadway Drama Critics". The New York Times. April 8, 1958. p. 1.
^"Monks Force Language Pact Breach", London Daily Telegraph, April 10, 1958, p. 9
^"Street Fighting Flares in Havana; 40 Reported Dead— Regime Musters Strength to Crush Rebels", The New York Times, April 10, 1958, p. 1
^"Castro's Failure Bolsters Batista; Bad Planning, Coordination and Communications Led to Strike's Collapse", by Homer Bigart, The New York Times, April 15, 1958, p. 1
^"Hawks Nip Celtics For Title, 110-109; Pettit Registers 50 Points to Stifle Repeated Rallies by Boston in Last Period", The New York Times, April 13, 1958, p. V-8
^"'The Music Man' Wins Five of 18 Tony Awards", by Sam Zolotow, The New York Times, April 14, 1958, p. 21
^"Sputnik II Reported Down in Caribbean", The New York Times, April 14, 1958, p. 1
^"Moscow Confirms End of Sputnik II; Says Satellite Carrying a Dog Disintegrated Over Caribbean and Atlantic", The New York Times, April 15, 1958, p. 1
^"U. S. Pianist, 23, Wins Soviet Contest— Cliburn Is Awarded First Prize by 16 Moscow Jurors", by Max Frankel, The New York Times, April 14, 1958, p. 1
^"U.S. Pianist Plays For Soviet Chiefs; Cliburn, 23, Performs for Notables After Triumph in Moscow Contest", by Max Frankel, The New York Times, April 15, 1958, p. 1
^"16 Killed in Spanish Air Crash", The Age (Melbourne), April 16, 1958, p. 1
^"A Wide-Eyed Look at Vera: Progress on Panorama", The Manchester Guardian, April 15, 1958, p. 7
^"Gaillard Resigns in French Crisis Over Tunis Talks— Vote Defeats Him". The New York Times. April 16, 1958. p. 1.
^"U.S. Drops Stand for 3-Mile Limit; Agrees to 6-Mile Rule— Yields to Small Nations". The New York Times. April 16, 1958. p. 1.
^Kihss, Peter (April 16, 1958). "Fire in Modern Museum; Most Art Saved; 6 Canvases Burned, Seurats Removed— 1 Dead, 31 Hurt". The New York Times. p. 1.
^Davies, Lawrence E. (April 16, 1958). "Giants Beat Dodgers in Coast Debut; Games Everywhere But Here". The New York Times. p. 1.
^"Estelle Taylor, Actress, 58, Dies— Ex-Wife of Jack Dempsey Played Supporting Roles in Hollywood Movies". The New York Times. April 16, 1958. p. 33.
^"Strijdom Victor in South Africa; Prime Minister's Nationalist Party Wins Third Election in Row, Gaining Seats", by Richard P. Hunt, The New York Times, April 17, 1958, p. 11
^"Morocco Cabinet Dissolved by King— Leading Party Splits With Premier Bekkai When He Backs Critics of Regime", The New York Times, April 17, 1958, p. 13
^"Pearl Buck Tells of Her Pseudonym— Author Admits Writing Five Novels on Life in U. S. as 'John Sedges'", The New York Times, April 17, 1958, p.28
^Julian M. Pleasants, The Political Career of W. Kerr Scott: The Squire from Haw River (University Press of Kentucky, 2014)
^"W. Kerr Scott, 61, Senator, Is Dead", The New York Times, April 17, 1958, p. 31
^"Margaret Burke Sheridan, Singer, Dies; Known for Roles in Operas by Puccini", The New York Times, April 18, 1958, p. 23
^"Baudouin Opens Brussels Fair; King Lights Flame", The New York Times, April 18, 1958, p. 1
^"Million Gay Visitors Close Brussels Fair", The New York Times, October 20, 1958, p. 1
^"Batista Decrees New Army Draft; Utilities Men Liable to Call to Counter Castro Threat", The New York Times, April 18, 1958, p. 1
^"Jakarta Announces Capture of Padang", Bernard Kalb, The New York Times, April 18, 1958, p. 1
^ abcLi Jianglin, Tibet in Agony (Harvard University Press, 2016)
^"78,672 Watch Dodgers Defat Giants, 6 to 5, in Los Angeles Opener", by Gladwin Hill, The New York Times, April 19, 1958, p. 1
^"Court Drops Charge Against Ezra Pound", by Anthony Lewis, The New York Times, April 19, 1958, p. 1
^"U.S. Deports Alien It Seized on Coast; Justice Aide Reveals Ex-Red Was Flown to Finland After Summary Arrest", by Anthony Lewis, The New York Times, April 22, 1958, p. 3
^"U.S. to Bring Back Deported Finn", by Anthony Lewis, The New York Times, April 23, 1958, p. 1
^"Finn's Deportation Is Upheld by Board", The New York Times, December 1, 1959, p. 21
^"William Heikkila, 54, Is Dead; Fought Deportation to Finland", The New York Times, May 8, 1960, p. 88
^"Gen. Gamelin Dead; Led French in 1940", The New York Times, April 19, 1958, p. 1
^"Canadiens Down Bruin Six to Capture Stanley Cup, 4 Games to 2; Geoffrion Stars in 5-to-3 Triumph", The New York Times, April 21, 1958, p. 30
^"Habs Win Third Straight Stanley Cup", Montreal Gazette, April 21, 1958, p. 27
^"Airliner and Jet Collide in West; All 49 Aboard Die; United Air Lines Craft and Fighter Crash Near Las Vegas", The New York Times, April 22, 1958, p. 1
^"Russia's Steel Men Will Work 7 Hours A Day and Miners 6", by William J. Jorden, The New York Times, April 22, 1958, p. 1
^"Mintoff Resigns as Malta's Chief; Colonial Cabinet' Quits After Failure to Reach Accord on Integration With Britain", The New York Times, April 22, 1958, p. 4
^"Princess Proclaims Indies Federation", The New York Times, April 23, 1958, p. 1
^"U.S. Rocket Fails Over ICBM Range— Flight Spans About Tenth of 6,300-Mile Course in Test of Nose-Cone Re-entry", The New York Times, April 25, 1958, p. 1
^"Mouse Met Death in U.S. Rocket That Fell Short of Goal in Ocean", by Richard Witkin, The New York Times, April 28, 1958, p. 1
^"Five Paratroops Killed, 137 Hurt in Windblown Drop", The New York Times, April 24, 1958, p. 1
^Opera: Kurka's 'Schweik'", The New York Times, April 24, 1958, p. 36
^"Colombia Cheers Lleras' Decision— Crowds in Bogota Celebrate Acceptance of Nomination of Two Major Parties", The New York Times, April 26, 1958, p.10
^"Moscow to Punish. Lax Industry Aides", by Max Frankel, The New York Times, May 20, 1958, p.1
^"New Cambodia Premier; Sim Var Again Accepts Call to Form a Cabinet", The New York Times, April 20, 1958, p. 8
^"Japan's Premier Dissolves House' Acts After Socialist Attack on Ties to U.S.— Nation to Vote May 22", The New York Times, April 26, 1958, p. 8
^"Russian Basketball Players to Tour U.S. in '59", The New York Times, April 26, 1958, p. 8
^"U.S. Men Rally to Win in Moscow Basketball; Team Victor, 74-68, After Girls Bow to Russians, 61-46", The New York Times, April 26, 1958, p. 12
^"Anti-Paris Party Wins in Togoland— Group That Seeks to Sever All Ties With France Gets Decisive Election Victory", The New York Times, April 29, 1958, p. 7
^"215 Algerians Killed— French Troops Storm Rebel Village Near Constantine", The New York Times, April 28, 1958, p. 1
^"Uruguayans Jeer and Cheer Nixons", The New York Times, April 29, 1958, p. 3
^"U.S. Atomic Tests Begun in Pacific; Strauss Says Series Started April 28", by Jack Raymond, The New York Times, May 8, 1958, p. 1
^"Vanguard Fired, But Fails to Orbit 20-inch Satellite; Navy Says Third Stage of Rocket Did Not Ignite After a Successful Launching", by Walter Sullivan, The New York Times, April 29, 1958, p. 1
^Constance Green and Milton Lomask, Vanguard: A History (NASA, 1970)
^"Rocket Failure Is Laid to Wiring", The New York Times, April 30, 1958, p. 16
^"Suez Settlement Is Signed in Rome; Preliminary Accord Provides for $81,000,000 Payment to Canal Concern by Cairo", by Paul Hoffman, The New York Times, April 30, 1958, p. 1
^"Washington to Free Funds Of Cairo and Suez Group", The New York Times, May 1, 1958, p. 1
^"Two Advance as Penney, 83, Retires", The New York Times, April 30, 1958, p. 45
^"Peace Plan: One Set, Two Shows— Polaroid or Schizoid TV Is Patented By Du Mont", by Stacy V. Jones, The New York Times, May 3, 1958, p. 1
^"Londoners Greet Their 'Fair Lady'— Spiritiual Home of Musical Disscovers It Is as-Good as the Yanks Said It Was", by Drew Middleton, The New York Times, May 1, 1958, p. 34
^"Blimp Shows How the Ball Bounces", by Michael James, The New York Times, May 1, 1958, p. 33
^Colin Evans, The Casebook of Forensic Detection: How Science Solved 100 of the World's Most Baffling Crimes (Penguin, 1996)
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